Audit Evidence free essay sample

Evidence – information used by the auditor to draw conclusions on the fair presentation of the financial statements. Audit objectives suggest the types of evidence to accumulate. II. Decisions on evidence accumulation A. Which audit procedures to use. General Objectives: Six TRAOs Eight BRAOs Four PDAOs Accounting Cycles: Five Management Assertions Specific Objectives: At least: Six TRAOs Eight BRAOs Four PDAOs Audit Procedures: At least one and likely more for each specific TRAO, BRAO, PDAOs Audit procedures frequently â€Å"cover† more than one audit objective! Select a sample of sales invoices and trace to the shipping document agreeing name and quantity. Preparation Question: What is an audit procedure? B. What sample size to select for a given procedure. C. Which items to select from the population. D. When to perform the procedures (timing). III. Audit Program Preparation Question: What is an audit program? IV. Persuasiveness of evidence Which audit procedures: A. Appropriateness 1. Relevance Example: Trace from sales invoices in the Sales Journal to shipping documents. We will write a custom essay sample on Audit Evidence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page B. Reliability 1. Independence of provider – 2. Effectiveness of client’s internal control structure (strong vs. weak) 3. Auditor’s direct knowledge 4. Qualifications of provider 5. Objectivity What sample size and which items: C. Sufficient 1. Likelihood of misstatements 2. Quality of internal control When to perform D. Timeliness Other factors: E. Combined effect F. Cost 2 V. Type of Evidence Preparation question: Enter key words that define each of the types of evidence listed. Type Definition Grade 1. Physical examination 2. Confirmation 3. Documentation: External Internal – good Internal – bad 4. Analytical procedures: Tailored Broad 5. Inquiries of the client 6. Recalculation 7. Reperformance 8. Observation In-class exercise: Audit Procedure 1. Examine supporting documents for cash disbursements several days before and after year-end. 2. Examine the acquisitions and cash disbursements journals for the last few days of the current period and first few days of the succeeding period, looking for large or unusual transactions. 3. Trace from the general ledger trail balance and supporting documentation to determine whether accounts payable, related parties, and other related assets and liabilities are properly included on the financial statements. 4. For liabilities that are payable in a foreign currency, determine the exchange rate and check calculations. 5. Discuss with the bookkeeper whether any amounts included on the accounts payable list are due to related parties, debit balances, or notes payable. 6. Obtain vendors’ statements from the controller and reconcile to the listing of accounts payable. 7. Obtain vendors’ statements directly from vendors and reconcile to the listing of account payable. 8. Obtain a list of accounts payable. Re-add and compare with the general ledger. Type of Evidence BRAOs 3 Example of writing/creating audit procedures: Situation: The following depicts the document flow for sales for a typical company. Customer/ Sales Order Bill of Lading Sales Invoice Sales Journal General Ledger Financial Statements General Objective TRAO – Occurrence Specific Objective Audit Procedures TRAO – Completeness See Table 7-6 (p. 187) for good â€Å"buzz† words to use when constructing an audit procedure.

Romeo Juliet Assessment Essays

Romeo Juliet Assessment Essays Romeo Juliet Assessment Essay Romeo Juliet Assessment Essay In this scene (act 3 scene1) Tybalt finds Mercutio and Benvolio while looking for Romeo he tells them that he wants to fight Romeo. Romeo arrives but refuses to fight as he is now officially related to Tybalt (him being Juliets cousin.) Mercutio battles for him instead. Therefore Romeo tries to stop them but in his attempt Tybalt ends up killing Mercutio. This really sets Romeo of and he kills Tybalt in revenge then runs away. At this moment the prince arrives and declares Romeos banishment from the city.In this scene Benvolio and Romeo are shown as peace makers by faith of that; at the beginning before Tybalt arrives Benvolio states I pray thee god Mercutio Lets retire: The day is hot Capulets are aboard here he is trying to get out before things could get out of hand as he has already seen the Capulets and senses danger aboard and does not wish for any chaos. But someone as stubborn as Mercutio refuses to listen we talk here in the public haunt of men: either withdraw unto some pri vate place.. Or else depart. As you can see here once again after Tybalt has arrived Benvolio tries to sort the situation out as calmly as possible, and does not wish for this meeting to become a big issue in public gazes.Romeo also keeps peace because he refuses to fight with Tybalt Tybalt the reason that I have to love thee doth much excuse the appertaining rage. Villain am I none; therefore farewell, I see though knowest me not. He tried to tell Tybalt without giving the whole truth that he could not harm him now that he has to love him due to there relationship and tries to end the conversation with a simple farewell. But Tybalt refuses as he not one to give up so easily without a fight.True to character, the hot-headed Mercutio starts a quarrel the instant Tybalt requests a word with him, by responding, Make it a word and a blow. Tybalt at first ignores Mercutios insults because, ironically again, hes saving his blade for Romeo.Mercutio is shown as one with guts who wants to ha ve a bit of a laugh and get involved in a fight or two could you not take some occasion without some giving? Mercutio himself urges Tybalt to start a fight as he requests him to fight him without a reason given even so Mercutio had nothing against the capulets as he was not part of the Montague clan, for the sake of his friendship with Romeo and Benvolio he is always ready to fight for them and this is exactly what he wants to do at this specific moment. But Tybalt declines this as he only and only wishes to duel with Romeo.Shakespeare uses different techniques in his writing to show different emotions and atmospheres as he is able to show how some of his characters can be very sweet with words like and so good Capulet,which name I tender as dearly as my own, be satisfied. Used by Romeo Here Romeo is flattering young Tybalt just to get him of his back furthermore to soothe the situation. Even so he uses language that ca easily convey the relationship between characters as in one of his lines; when Mercutio is badly hurt and Romeo is trying to comfort him courage, Man; the hurt cannot be much. Here the word man (the one I have made in bold) is show as the relationship between two friends as this phrase is not used often in Formal language between you or your teachers or boss or other senior people, such language is only used between Good or really close friends i.e. Mercutio and Romeo.Many similes have been used to compare two things to give us a visual of his description which also includes the use of highly metaphors which gives great depth of information. But many are the type where immaturity is shown because the comparisons very obvious but over-used.I think this scene of all scenes is the most dramatic! It is the turning point of the whole story as it contains two deaths which lead to two other deaths! For instance when the prince comes and states And for that offence immediately we do exile him hence: .. I will be deaf to pleading and excuses; nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses: this part really catches the attention of readers as it is the point were Romeos banishment is declared along with the prince also disclosing that no tears or any other payoff will cease his punishment.Likewise when Tybalt remarks Follow me close, for I will speak to them. At this particular moment we just see Tybalt entering while Benvolio is still trying to convince Mercutio to leave. We dont now for what purpose Tybalt is here and have no clue of what is about to happen this creates suspense, mystery and was very climatic.Another part I found dramatic to an unbelievable extent is when Mercutio repeats the phrase a plague O both your houses! I think this part is very very dramatic and changes the whole atmosphere of the scene! Here Mercutio is trying to tell us that he had been wound between the two hoses and now this is the fate he has to suffer cause of the consequences.Tybalts death brings Romeo to shock as he realizes what he had just com mitted, he had not wanted this to happen and he realizes that he is victim of fate O, I am fortunes fool! he had cried. At this moment he is struck with a sense of anger injustice and emptiness.I choose this scene because I thought it was one of the best scenes through out the story with a lot of action emotion and suspense. It is the turning point of the story like I mentioned before and changes the whole climax. During this scene Mercutio is seen to have kept the repetition of a phrase which I really like and I think holds a lot of power a plague O both your houses I think the meaning of this is very obvious and holds a lot of power as in the beginning Mercutio himself wanted to fight and got involved, but then at the end blames it on them two families.Then at the end of the scene when the prince is shown he does another very vital thing which changes the story, when the prince announced Romeos deportation the way this scene ended with a dramatic point caused a very good affect on the audience. This scene contains a lot as two tragic deaths take place and never the less Romeo is separated from Juliet and this all in all leads to the death of these two crossed lovers. I can state that without any evidence that if this scene was not included in the story, then the ending that did take place (the death of Romeo and Juliet) would not of happened and there would have been a completely different conclusion to the story.In this scene the speed with which Mercutio and Tybalts death, as a consequence of Romeo and Juliets marriage and the banishment all contribute to a sense of reality that a chain of events has been set in motion in which the protagonists have no control over. Mercutios dying curse upon the house rings as the voice of fate itself.Moreover these were the reasons why I chose to write about this scene because there were so many things to say about this as so much happens in this scene and I personally prefer this scene to all others because this is wher e the whole story turnarounds.

Center for Speech and English Language Literacy Essay

Center for Speech and English Language Literacy - Essay Example 7. To apply as non taxable entity. III. Educators 1. The Center aims to garner the support of online educators and classroom teachers as volunteers to commence the program and hire them when funding resources are made and established. 2. The teachers for some of the modules can be outsource to other supporting non-government and private institutions abroad that will entirely create a computer based interactive speech training for the adult and children alike. Meanwhile, only one or two volunteers will be physically present to help navigate the system and mediate certain inadequacies and language adaptation during lecture. 3. The Center is open to all children who wish to take advantage of the program and so it will help to have an interpreter or software with Spanish language interpretations. 4. Hire one English speech instructor and one Spanish interpreter to ensure smooth operations at the Center. IV. Tools and Equipment Use 1. Computers for the online articulation games complete with headset and printers. 2. Art materials for their exercises. 3. An air conditioned classroom that is comfortable located in an area of the building not easily accessible by passers and onlookers. 4. Tables and chairs that will be used for their computer online education and their manual classroom methods. V. Transportation 1. A minimum of one vehicle shall be purchased by the Center that will serve like a school bus for the participants to be used after classes in their travel towards home. 2. Provision to purchase more units of transportation as the budget allows. VI. Language and Culture Barriers of Participants 1. To gain access and help from the governments multicultural agencies to bridge the gap of language and culture barriers so as to... 2. The teachers for some of the modules can be outsource to other supporting non-government and private institutions abroad that will entirely create a computer based interactive speech training for the adult and children alike. Meanwhile, only one or two volunteers will be physically present to help navigate the system and mediate certain inadequacies and language adaptation during lecture. 1. To gain access and help from the governments multicultural agencies to bridge the gap of language and culture barriers so as to promote homogenous classroom methodology and uniformity in teaching methods. Even Spanish speaking children came from mix race that needs to be reached out.

Understanding Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Understanding Mental Health - Essay Example The term mental health refers to a state of complete cognitive, psychological, emotional and social well-being of a person. Or in other words, it may also be termed as the absence of any mental disorder or disease. This paper aims at analyzing the case study of Peter, a man who is chronically suffering from addiction to alcohol and drugs. The World Health Organization however advocates that mental health is â€Å"not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (WHO, 2001, p.1). It offers a much more comprehensive definition of the term by stating that mental health is â€Å"a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community". WHO stresses that mental health "is not just the absence of mental disorder† (WHO, 2001, p.1) The Med lexicon’s Medical Dictionary (2010) defines mental health as â€Å"emotional, behavioral, and social maturity or normality; the absence of a mental or behavioral disorder; a state of psychological well-being in which one has achieved a satisfactory integration of ones instinctual drives acceptable to both oneself and ones social milieu; an appropriate balance of love, work, and leisure pursuits† (Neer aja & Anuradha, 2014, p. 87) . Hence, the three basic ideas that can be inferred from the two definitions about mental health are: firstly, that mental health is an essential part of human health; secondly, that mental health is a wide concept and cannot be defined as merely the absence of disease; and thirdly, that mental health is intricately connected to physical health and behavior. (Herrman, Saxena & Moodie, 2005) Though Peter was not suffering from any obvious physical disease or disorder, his addiction to alcohol and drugs had severely affected his

Eliminating Job Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Eliminating Job Stress - Essay Example With the increase in volume of work, complexity in situations and heavy competitions job stress is on the rise. According to data from health and safety, company executives recorded that in Britain around 420,000 were going through stress, anxiety and other pressure issues. In 2006, the figures mounted to 195,000 fresh cases. Over the years the rate has continued to increase and by 2007 it was stated that out of every 6 individuals at work, one among them was experiencing job stress. When carrying out research, it is important to understand the scope of the problem and how it will benefit the industry in that regard. As it can be seen from the statistics mentioned above, job stress is a significant issue. Since each employee is an asset of the organization and is contributing to the running of the organization it is essential to study his/her interests and issues and keep them at foremost position. Research studies indicate that the emergence of internationalism and globalization has led to organizations and the society becoming very complex. Added features to trade such as less barriers and strategically aligned resource strategies are adding to the problem . Technological advancements are also increasing hence requiring less skilled labor at work. There is also an increase in the rate of wages, which eventually puts pressure on the employees.Demographic shifts have also added to aggravate the problem as workforce diversity has increased bringing about a change in the cultural environment. (Stamatios, Antoniou, & Cooper, 2005). Vertical disaggregation has become a new trend in organizations especially in outsourcing. Hierarchal structures are being flattened and firms are redefining their cost structures. Organizations are promoting efficiency and cost effectiveness hence decreasing job security (Stamatios, Antoniou, & Cooper, 2005). There has been an increase in the levels of dissatisfaction among employees over the year. The balance between work and life has also been disrupted as a result of an increase in workload. Employee expectation has been on the increase and employees have developed a desire to control their professional life rather than getting stressed by large

Benefits of Essential Oils

Benefits of Essential Oils Whenever possible, I prefer to deal with the various ailments and injuries I encounter by using essential oils rather than synthetic treatments or remedies. Essential oils are not only very effective at treating sickness and injury, but also provide the peace of mind that can only come with using an all-natural remedy. Natural substances like essential oils are easily metabolized by the body. In fact, your body knows exactly how to deal with them and thrives on them. Unlike synthetic drugs, after an essential oil performs its natural healing function, it travels on to the liver and kidney and moves easily and gently out of the body, without attaching itself to various tissues. Which essential oils have the maximum healing effect? Obviously, the essential oil that you choose will depend on the condition you seek to treat. As you experiment with various oils and application methodologies, pay attention to which of these satisfy your unique, personal needs and tastes. Here are some of the essential oils that are known to have maximum healing effects. Lavender Lavender is the one of the most known essential oils. It is used to cut down the healing time for cuts, bites and stings. The nice thing about lavender is that is does not require a carrier, it can be applied straight to the affected area. Peppermint Not only will peppermint cool you off during a fever, but it will also fight nausea and tummy trouble, whether it is morning or motion sickness. You can also pair peppermint and lavender oil up and apply it to your temples; doing so will lessen the intensity of headaches and migraines. Another use for peppermint oil is to help combat insect invasions. Doing this is simple; just add a few drops of peppermint oil to hot water and wipe any surfaces with a peppermint-infused clothe. Peppermint oil is also used to treat indigestion, respiratory problems, bowel spasms and pain, asthma, intestinal gas and more. Eucalyptus Another popular essential oil is eucalyptus. It is the most powerful antibacterial, antiviral and antispasmodic. To use it for this effect, all you have to do is add a few drops to a basin of steaming water to inhale, or add a few drops to a vaporizer. This can help disinfect and clear both your nasal passages and lungs. You can also add a few drops to a cloth, or a bandana, and inhale the oil throughout the day; doing this during cold season will also help prevent a cold. Tea tree Just like eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil is also a powerful antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiseptic. Using tea tree oil is very simple, all you have to do is add a few drops with a carrier oil and apply it directly to the affected area. This can help treat scrapes, cuts, infections, insect bites, warts and even flaky scalp or dry skin. Also, if you have acne, you can mix tea tree oil with coconut oil or aloe vera gel as an effective acne treatment. This great oil also helps loosen chest congestion. To do so, just add a few drops to a vaporizer. Another cold-like symptom that can be treated with tea tree oil is a sore throat, just put a few drops of the oil on your tongue every hour or so and the symptoms should disappear. You can also add a few drops to warm water and gargle with it. Another great use for this oil is removal of plantar warts. To get rid of these warts, put the oil right on the wart and massage it in and when it is dry, put socks on. The best way to do this is before bed- apply it, let it dry, and put socks on for fifteen to twenty minutes, but do not wear the socks to bed. Roman chamomile This essential oil is not only good for it’s scent, but it is also a very powerful anti-inflammatory. If you are experiencing red, sensitive or inflamed, acne-prone skin, this oil can help you out. It is a lot kinder than tea tree oil, so it is ideal for those with sensitive, delicate skin. Also, a few drops of roman chamomile can be added to an antibacterial carrier oil, such as coconut oil, to help treat and soothe diaper rash and eczema. Lemon Lemon essential oil is a powerful bactericide and treats minor cuts and wounds. It is also known to brighten dull skin, help immunity and is even used in antibacterial cleansers. Lemon oil is also known for its ability to clear toxins from the body. Frankincense Next up is the â€Å"king† of all oils, frankincense. You can also combine this oil with other oils to get better results and a more effective healing. Frankincense has even been known for its ability to kill cancer cells. More simply, it is used for skin inflammation, rashes, and brings about focus and clarity. Sesame Another essential oil is sesame oil. This oil is best known for its moisturizing qualities. Sesame oil contains fatty acids, which are believed to reduce stress and blood pressure. This essential oil has even shown to assist in slowing the growth of cancer in cells as long as your diet is rich in vegetables. Rose This oil can work to improve the hormonal balance and can treat problems like PMS and menopause. This oil is also known for counteracting bedroom problems and improving the health in your skin. Geranium Geranium essential oil is known for it’s astringent properties. Apart from refreshing the skin, this oil features styptic effects, which calm inflammation and stop hemorrhaging. This oil can also be used for treating acne, managing oily skin, boosting blood circulation, and reducing bloating. Other than this, this oil is helpful in reducing scars, blemishes, wrinkles and fine lines. Pine Pine oil has antiseptic, antibacterial, and analgesic properties. Pine oil is also known to treat skin problems, such as psoriasis, eczema and pimples. You can also use pine essential oil to speed up your metabolism, aid in food poisoning, ease joint pain and arthritis, kill germs, as well as battle respiratory problems that come with cold season. Clove Clove oil also has powerful healing properties, making it useful for use as an antiseptic. This oil needs a carrier oil for its functioning, so just dilute a few drops of this essential oil in your choice of carrier and you can treat bug bites, cuts, and scrapes. Apart from this, this oil can help clear earaches, digestion problems, nasal congestion, stomachaches, and headaches. As an additional bonus, it’s an aphrodisiac. This means that it has stress-relieving properties. Rosemary Another great essential oil is rosemary oil. According to scientific studies, rosemary essential oil has been shown to help in keeping the brain optimally functional. The act of simply smelling rosemary essential oil helps in memory recall. Essential oils and their usefulness in several common health conditions Below mentioned are some of the common ailments and the essential oils you can use for relief: Hangover Pine, Grapefruit, Juniper and Cypress Rosemary essential oils Heartburn Chamomile (German), Marjoram, Peppermint essential oils Indigestion Ginger, Coriander, Cardamom and Lemon Peppermint essential oils Insect repellent Citronella, Lavender, Cedarwood, Eucalyptus and Peppermint Sandalwood essential oils Anti-Coagulant Geranium essential oil Anti-Venomous Basil, Thyme essential oils Aphrodisiac Aniseed, Angelica, Black Pepper, Basil, Clary Sage, Cinnamon, Clove, Jasmine, Pimento, Ginger, Nutmeg, Rosewood, Thyme, Sandalwood, Ylang-Ylang and Vetivert essential oils. Expectorant Coriander, Flatulence, Thyme, Sandalwood, Peppermint, Pine, Parsley, Myrrh, Hyssop, Garlic, Cedarwood, Cajuput, Bergamot, Basil and Angelica essential oils. Hypertension Camphor, Rosemary, Hyssop and Thyme essential oils Hay Fever Lavender, Eucalyptus, Chamomile and Melissa essential oils Rheumatism Cedarwood, Black Pepper, Chamomile, Coriander, Cloves, Frankincense, Eucalyptus, Lavender, Ginger, Lemon, Rosemary and Pine essential oils Tonsillitis Lavender and Tea Tree essential oils Toothache Chamomile (Roman), Clove and Peppermint essential oils Influenza Ravensara, Melissa, Thyme, Oregano, Frankincense, Cinnamon, Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Tea Tree, Lavender, Sage, Lemon, and Rosemary essential oils How to use essential oils for best possible healing Here are some of the best ways you can use essential oils for maximum healing effect: Use in a diffuser Place about 10 drops of essential oil in a diffuser. Follow the guidelines of the manufacturer and inhale accordingly. Essential oils must not be directly burned. Inhale the steam Add 2 to 5 drops of essential oil into a bowl of steaming water. Place a towel over your head covering the bowl water and breathe deeply. It is essential to keep the eyes closed during this process. This technique is not really suggested for children younger than 7 years of age. Children more than 7 years of age can use swimming goggles to guard their eyes. Dry Evaporation Place 5 drops of essential oil over a cotton ball or tissue allowing the oil to evaporate into the air. To get a more intense dose, sniff the cotton ball. Otherwise, just keep the cotton ball at a distance of few feet from your face. Use in a spray Add five to ten drops of essential oil to water in a tiny spray bottle, shake, and then spray into the air and inhale. Massage While using essential oils topically, it is important to note that essential oils should not be applied to the skin in undiluted forms. When diluted, the concentration should not be higher than 3 to 5 percent. To put it differently, if you use 3 drops of essential oil, you must dilute it with one teaspoon of carrier oil. To be on the safer side, start with a 1% solution, or 1 drop of essential oil per teaspoon of carrier oil. The exceptions: lavender, sandalwood, ylang ylang and myrrh and tea tree oils usually do not require dilution. Add essential oil to your favorite carrier oil with 3% concentration (at most 3 drops per teaspoon of carrier oil) and apply to your skin gently. You can massage your entire body or only the area affected. Spot Application Mix 1 to 3 drops of essential oil in 1 teaspoon of carrier oil or natural aloe vera and apply to the spot that needs attention. Compress Fill a basin with water. Add 3 to 5 drops of essential oil in the water and stir briskly. Soak a washcloth in water, wring, and apply to the affected area. Do this at least three more times. Leave the last compress in place for five minutes. Bath Add 20 to 40 drops of essential oil to bath water. Also, add a few tablespoons of milk or cream to serve as a dispersant. For the reason that bath allows the oil to be easily absorbed in the skin, this is among one of my personal favorite methods. Gargle Add one drop of essential oil per ounce of water. Mix, then gargle and swish out the solution. Do not swallow. Few essential oil blends to get you started When working with blends and carrier oils, never use more than a total of 10% of essential oils in your blend. This is the essential oils to carrier oil ratio used in most commercial consumer blends. Now let’s take a look at some of my favorite blends! Muscle and Joint Blend Topical 4 drops Thyme 4 drops Black Pepper 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Rosemary 10 drops Basil Relaxation Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Marjoram 4 drops Chamomile (German) 4 drops Clary Sage 12 drops Lavender Circulation Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Juniper berry 4 drops Frankincense 4 drops Ginger 4 drops Cypress 4 drops Black Pepper 4 drops Geranium Vein and Artery Blend – Topical or Inhalation 4 drops Myrrh 4 drops Lemon 4 drops Sandalwood 4 drops Neroli 4 drops Geranium 4 drops Cypress Sunburn Blend Topical 4 drops Chamomile 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Peppermint 12 drops Lavender Minor Cuts and Scrapes Blend Topical 10 drops Tea Tree 10 drops Lavender Menstrual Cramps Blend Internal 7 drops Lavender 7 drops Rosemary 7 drops Melissa Congestion Blend Inhalation 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Ravensara 15 drops Eucaplyptus Antibacterial Blend Topical 4 drops Rosemary 4 drops Cinnamon 4 drops Basil 12 drops Tea Tree Antimicrobial Blend Topical 4 drops Cinnamon 4 drops Thyme 4 drops Lemongrass 12 drops Rosemary Antiseptic Blend Topical 10 drops Rosemary 10 drops Lavender Antiviral Blend Topical 4 drops Clove 4 drops Thyme 12 drops Peppermint 12 drops Sandalwood Headache Blend – Inhalation or Internal 7 drops Marjoram 7 drops Basil 7 drops Peppermint Immunity Blend Internal 14 drops Lemon 7 drops Thyme Arthritis Blend – Topical or Inhalation 7 drops Juniper 7 drops Eucalyptus 7 drops Basil 7 drops Cypress 14 drops Chamomile Burns Blend Topical 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Lavender 4 drops Geranium 12 drops Chamomile Colds and Flu Blend – Internal or Inhalation 4 drops Tea Tree 4 drops Rosemary 4 drops Peppermint 4 drops Lavender 12 drops Cinnamon Essential oils for specific diseases Essential oils that can help in the treatment of cancer Grapefruit essential oil Grapefruit oil is packed with Ascorbic Acid, which is ideal for detoxifying our bodies, and is therefore valuable for the improving the defense mechanisms of the body. You can use this oil internally. Thyme essential oil Thyme oil is really a powerful defense mechanism booster and may help fight problems like cancer. As a urinary antiseptic, it is also good for cystitis and urethritis. You can use this oil internally. Some essential oils that stimulate white blood cell production: Pine, lemon, lavender, sandalwood, chamomile, Bergamot and myrrh tea tree, and thyme essential oils can help stimulate the white blood cell production in body. Essential oils for broken bones Topically apply Cypress, Helichrysum (most significant for broken bones), and White Fir over the injured area two to three times per day. If you have ligament or tendon damage, add Lemongrass. When there is muscle damage, add Marjoram. Essential oils for broken tendons Wintergreen essential oil While Wintergreen is not a very popular oil, it is incredibly good at treating broken tendons and pain cramps. You can use this oil topically or inhale for maximum benefit. Vetiver essential oil This oil is well known for its healing effects on muscles and tendons. Use this oil topically, internally, or by inhalation. Essential oils for cold sores Roman chamomile essential oil This oil can be a powerful anti-inflammatory, so it will be the best option for cold sores. This oil is also a good bactericide that can kill the bacteria responsible for causing cold sores. Frankincense essential oil Used heavily in biblical times, this oil operates at deeper levels of the skin to deliver maximum healing. Frankincense has proven to help combat skin inflammation, rashes and cold sores. You can use this oil topically. Cypress essential oil Cypress oil is anti-antiseptic and anti-inflammatory, so that it is a powerful tool to address cold sores. Use this oil topically. Helichrysum essential oil This oil is highly anti-inflammatory and calming. This oil is regenerative and its pain reducing properties and analgesic effects make it a powerful solution for cold sores. You can use this oil topically. Essential oils for lung healing Ravintsara, Eucalyptus, Peppermint, Birch and Lemon are known to give strength to the lungs. Any blend carrying these oils can fight respiratory infections and alleviate symptoms of diseases related to the lungs. Essential oils for acne and scars Lavender essential oil Lavender oil has antibacterial and antiviral properties, which could reduce the healing time for acne and other skin conditions. It doesn’t need a carrier oil. You can apply it directly on the impacted area. Obviously, topical use can get you the best results in this case. Tea tree oil Tea tree oil is powerful antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial oil. Only a few drops blended with carrier oil is all you need to disinfect the acne on your body. Manuka essential oil This oil is perfect for treating skin conditions like acne due to its antifungal qualities. It promotes faster healing of the skin. Conclusion I hope that you find whatever relief you seek in your healing journey with the incredible power of essential oils. Remember that essential oils are like water. You don’t drink just once and then never again. Instead, healing with essential oils is an ongoing process to nourish and replenish your body and soul with these astonishing elixirs. Best of luck and happy healing!

Greek Literature :: Greece Literature Poetry Myths Essays

Greek Literature The great British philosopher-mathematician Alfred North Whitehead once commented that all philosophy is but a footnote to Plato . A similar point can be made regarding Greek literature as a whole. Over a period of more than ten centuries, the ancient Greeks created a literature of such brilliance that it has rarely been equaled and never surpassed. In poetry, tragedy, comedy, and history, Greek writers created masterpieces that have inspired, influenced, and challenged readers to the present day. To suggest that all Western literature is no more than a footnote to the writings of classical Greece is an exaggeration, but it is nevertheless true that the Greek world of thought was so far-ranging that there is scarcely an idea discussed today that was not debated by the ancient writers. The only body of literature of comparable influence is the Bible. The language in which the ancient authors wrote was Greek. Like English, Greek is an Indo-European language; but it is far older. Its history can be followed from the 14th century BC to the present. Its literature, therefore, covers a longer period of time than that of any other Indo-European language . Scholars have determined that the Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet. During the period from the 8th to the 5th century BC, local differences caused the forms of letters to vary from one city-state to another within Greece. From the 4th century BC on, however, the alphabet became uniform throughout the Greek world. CLASSICAL PERIOD There are four major periods of Greek literature: preclassical, classical, Hellenistic-Roman, and Byzantine. Of these the most significant works were produced during the preclassical and classical eras. Epic Tradition At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer, the 'Iliad' and the 'Odyssey'. The figure of Homer is shrouded in mystery. Although the works as they now stand are credited to him, it is certain that their roots reach far back before his time (see Homeric Legend). The 'Iliad' is the famous story about the Trojan War. It centers on the person of Achilles, who embodied the Greek heroic ideal. While the 'Iliad' is pure tragedy, the 'Odyssey' is a mixture of tragedy and comedy. It is the story of Odysseus, one of the warriors at Troy. After ten years fighting the war, he spends another ten years sailing back home to his wife and family. During his ten-year voyage, he loses all of his comrades and ships and makes his way home to Ithaca disguised as a beggar. Both of these works were based on ancient legends. The stories are told in Greek Literature :: Greece Literature Poetry Myths Essays Greek Literature The great British philosopher-mathematician Alfred North Whitehead once commented that all philosophy is but a footnote to Plato . A similar point can be made regarding Greek literature as a whole. Over a period of more than ten centuries, the ancient Greeks created a literature of such brilliance that it has rarely been equaled and never surpassed. In poetry, tragedy, comedy, and history, Greek writers created masterpieces that have inspired, influenced, and challenged readers to the present day. To suggest that all Western literature is no more than a footnote to the writings of classical Greece is an exaggeration, but it is nevertheless true that the Greek world of thought was so far-ranging that there is scarcely an idea discussed today that was not debated by the ancient writers. The only body of literature of comparable influence is the Bible. The language in which the ancient authors wrote was Greek. Like English, Greek is an Indo-European language; but it is far older. Its history can be followed from the 14th century BC to the present. Its literature, therefore, covers a longer period of time than that of any other Indo-European language . Scholars have determined that the Greek alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet. During the period from the 8th to the 5th century BC, local differences caused the forms of letters to vary from one city-state to another within Greece. From the 4th century BC on, however, the alphabet became uniform throughout the Greek world. CLASSICAL PERIOD There are four major periods of Greek literature: preclassical, classical, Hellenistic-Roman, and Byzantine. Of these the most significant works were produced during the preclassical and classical eras. Epic Tradition At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer, the 'Iliad' and the 'Odyssey'. The figure of Homer is shrouded in mystery. Although the works as they now stand are credited to him, it is certain that their roots reach far back before his time (see Homeric Legend). The 'Iliad' is the famous story about the Trojan War. It centers on the person of Achilles, who embodied the Greek heroic ideal. While the 'Iliad' is pure tragedy, the 'Odyssey' is a mixture of tragedy and comedy. It is the story of Odysseus, one of the warriors at Troy. After ten years fighting the war, he spends another ten years sailing back home to his wife and family. During his ten-year voyage, he loses all of his comrades and ships and makes his way home to Ithaca disguised as a beggar. Both of these works were based on ancient legends. The stories are told in

Heart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories Essay

Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we have very limited control (Guerin 127). One of Freud’s most important contributions to the study of the psyche is his theory of repression: the unconscious mind is a repository of repressed desires, feelings, memories, wishes and instinctual drives; many of which have to do with sexuality and violence. These unconscious wishes, according to Freud, can find expression in dreams because dreams distort the unconscious material and make it appear different from itself and more acceptable to consciousness. They may also appear in other disguised forms, like in language (sometimes called the Freudian slips), in creative art and in neurotic behavior. One of the unconscious desires Freud believed that all human beings supposedly suppress is the childhood desire to displace the parent of the same sex and to take his or her place in the affections of the parent of the opposite sex. This so-called â€Å"Oedipus Complex,† which all children experience as a rite of passage to adult gender identity, lies at the core of Freud’s sexual theory (Murfin 114-5). A principal element in Freud’s theory is his assignment of the mental processes to three psychic zones: the id, the ego and the superego. The id is the passional, irrational, and unconscious part of the psyche. It is the site of the energy of the mind, energy that Freud characterized as a combination of sexual libido and other instincts, such as aggression, that propel the human organism through life, moving it to grow, develop and eventually to die. That primary process of life is completely irrational, and it cannot distinguish reasonable objects and unreasonable or socially unacceptable ones. Here comes the secondary processes of the mind, lodged in the ego and the superego. The ego, or â€Å"I,† was Freud’s term for the predominantly rational, logical, orderly and conscious part of the psyche; it works on repressing and inhibiting the drives of the id so that they may be released in sane behavioral patterns. And though a large part of the ego is unconscious, it nevertheless includes what we think of as the conscious mind. The superego is a projection of the ego. It is the moral censoring agency; the part that makes moral judgments and the repository of conscience and pride. It brings reason, order and social acceptability to the otherwise uncontrolled and potentially harmful realm of biological impulses (Guerin 128-31). Freud’s theories have launched what is now known as the psychoanalytic approach to literature. Freud was interested in writers, especially those who depended largely on symbols. Such writers tend to tinge their ideas and figures with mystery or ambiguity that only make sense once interpreted, just as the analyst tries to figure out the dreams and bizarre actions that the unconscious mind of a neurotic releases out of repression. A work of literature is thus treated as a fantasy or a dream that Freudian analysis comes to explain the nature of the mind that produced it. The purpose of a work of art is what psychoanalysis has found to be the purpose of the dream: the secret gratification of an infantile and forbidden wish that has been repressed into the unconscious (Wright 765). The literal surface of a work of literature is sometimes called the â€Å"manifest content† and treated as â€Å"manifest dream† or â€Å"dream story. † The psychoanalytic literary critic tries to analyze the latent, underlying content of the work, or the â€Å"dream thought† hidden in the dream story. Freud used the terms â€Å"condensation† and â€Å"displacement† to explain the mental processes that result in the disguise of the wishes and fears in dream stories. In condensation, several wishes, anxieties or persons may be condensed into a single manifestation or image in dream story; in displacement, a thought or a person may be displaced onto the image of another with which or whom there is an extremely loose and arbitrary association that only an analyst can decode. Psychoanalytic critics treat metaphors as if they were dream condensations; they treat metonyms- figures of speech based on weak connections- as if they were dream displacements. Thus, figures of speech in general are treated as aspects that see the light when the writer’s conscious mind resists what the unconscious asks it to depict or describe. Psychoanalytic criticism written before 1950 tended to study the psyche of the individual author. Poems, novels and plays were treated as fantasies that allowed authors to release curbed desires, or to protect themselves  from deep- rooted fears, or both. Later, psychoanalytic critics stopped assuming that artists are borderline neurotics or that the characters they fabricate and the figurative language they use can be analyzed to figure out the dark, hidden fancies in the authors’ minds. So they moved their focus toward the psychology of the reader, and came to understand that artists are skilled creators of works that appeal to the readers’ repressed wishes. As such, psychoanalytic criticism typically attempts to do at least one of the following tasks: study the psychological traits of a writer; provide an analysis of the creative process; or explore the psychological impacts of literature on its readers (Murfin 115-20). Not all psychoanalytic critics, however, are Freudian. Many of them are persuaded by the writings of Carl Gustav Jung whose â€Å"analytical psychology† is different from Freud’s psychoanalysis. Jung had broken with Freud’s emphasis on libidinal drives and had developed a theory of the collective unconscious; although, like Freud, he believed in a personal unconscious as a repository of repressed feelings (Wright 767). The processes of the unconscious psyche, according to Jung, produce images, symbols and myths that belong to the large human culture. He refers to the manifestations of the â€Å"myth-forming† elements as â€Å"motifs,† â€Å"primordial images,† or â€Å"archetypes. † Jung indicated further that the dreams, myths and art all serve as media through which archetypes become accessible to the consciousness. One major contribution is Jung’s theory of individuation which is the process of discovering those aspects of one’s self that make one an individual different from other people. It is, according to Jung, an absolutely essential process if one is to become a balanced individual; he detected an intimate relationship between neurosis and the person’s failure to accept some archetypal features of his unconscious. Individuation is related to three archetypes designated as shadow, persona and anima. These are structural components that human beings have inherited. We encounter their symbolic projections throughout the myths and literatures of humankind. The shadow is the darker side of our unconscious self, the inferior and less pleasing aspects of the personality. The anima is the â€Å"soul-image;† the source of a man’s life force. Jung gives it a feminine designation in the man’s psyche; it is the contra-sexual part that a man carries in his personal and collective unconscious. The persona is the opposite of the anima; it is our social personality and the mediator  between our ego and the external world. A balanced man has a flexible persona that is in harmony with the other components of his psychic makeup (Guerin 178-83). Through the lenses of Jungian psychoanalysis, the literary text is no longer seen as a site where the quelled impulses get through in disguise. Instead, Jung maintains that â€Å"both the individual in dreams and the artist at work will produce archetypal images to compensate for any psychic impoverishment in man and society. â€Å" He untangles texts of literature by a method he calls ?amplification’: the images of the collective unconscious are derived from those of the personal (Wright 767). Despite its monotonous rehearsing of a number of themes, psychoanalytic theory has led to a better understanding of the complexities of the relation between the human being and the artistic creativity. Heart of Darkness in the light of Psychoanalytic theories. Heart of Darkness explores something truer, more fundamental, and distinctly less material than just a personal narrative. It is a night journey into the unconscious, and a confrontation of an entity within the self. Certain circumstances of Marlow’s voyage, looked at in these terms, take on a new importance. The true night journey can occur only in sleep or in a walking dream of a profoundly intuitive mind. Marlow insists on the dreamlike quality of his narrative. â€Å"It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream – making a vein attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation† (Conrad 38). Even before leaving Brussels, Marlow felt as though he â€Å"was about to set off for center of the earth,† not the center of a continent (16). The introspective voyager leaves his familiar rational world, is â€Å"cut off from the comprehension† of his surroundings, his steamer toils â€Å"along slowly on the edge of a black and incomprehensible frenzy† (52). As the crisis approaches, the dreamer and his ship moves through a silence that â€Å"seemed unnatural, like a state of trance; then enter a deep fog† (57). The novel penetrates to those areas of darkness and dream – indeed nightmare ? with which Conrad tried to define the substance of the world. It asks questions, destabilizes orthodox assumptions, and sketches an existentially absurd experience. It involves us in dramatic, crucially difficult moral decisions which parallel those of the two central characters, Marlow and Kurtz. Although it was a coincidence that Freud and Conrad were contemporaries, coincidence is reduced when we perceive the â€Å"extraordinary parallelism of their achievements† (Karl 785). At the time when Conrad was developing his concepts about the Congo and political, personal and universal involvement in a nightmarish existence, Freud was fermenting his theories on dreams and the unconscious. Conrad’s novel appeared in 1900, only months before Freud’s book Interpretation of Dreams which formed the manifesto of the psychoanalytic assumptions. Both Conrad and Freud were pioneers in their emphasis over the irrational aspects of man’s behavioral conduct which questioned the traditional analyses. Conrad insightfully stressed the irrationality of politics and its nightmarish character which rests on the neurotic symptoms of the leader, as well as on the collective neurosis of the masses. He also believed in a human behavior that answers the call of inner desires, while justifying itself with accuracy. Both he and Freud dived into the darkness: the darkness enters the human soul when his conscience sleeps or when he is free to yield to the unconscious desires and needs, whether through dreams, as Freud argues, or in actuality through the character of Kurtz and his likes. Dreams become the wish-fulfillments of the masked self. This applies to Marlow; the very qualities in Kurtz that horrify him are those he finds hidden in himself. Kurtz’s insatiable, Nietzchean fascination with power mirrors Marlow’s as well. Kurtz’s ruthless career is every man’s wish-fulfillment (Karl 785-6). In the novel, Conrad draws an image of Africa as the â€Å"other world,† the antithesis of a civilized Europe, a site where man’s accumulated years of education and sophistication are confronted by a striking savagery. The story opens on the River Thames, calm and peaceful. It then moves to the very opposite of the Thames, and takes place on the River Congo. However, It’s not the flagrant difference between the two that perplexes Conrad but the underlying allusion of intimate relationship, of â€Å"common ancestry,† since the Thames was itself a dark place, but one that has managed to civilize, to enlighten itself and the world, and is now living in the light. The peaceful Thames, however, runs the terrible risk of being stirred by its encounter with its â€Å"primordial relative, the Congo;† it would witness the reflection of its own forsaken darkness and would hear the sounds that echo its remote gloomy history. The Thames would fall victim to the ghastly reminiscences of the irrational frenzy of the primitive times (Achebe 262-3). It would be very helpful to quote one of the most interesting and most revealing passages in Heart of Darkness when representatives of Europe in a steamer going down the Congo encounter the denizens of Africa: We were wanderers on a prehistoric earth. [? ] We glided past like phantoms, wondering and secretly appalled, as sane men would be before an enthusiastic outbreak in a madhouse. [? ] They howled and leaped, and spun, and made horrid faces; but what thrilled you was just the thought of their humanity ?like yours ? the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. [? ] but if you were man enough you would admit that there was in you just the faintest trace of response to the terrible frankness of that noise, a dim suspicion of there being a meaning in it which you ? you so remote from the night of first ages ? could comprehend (51-2). Here in lies the meaning of Heart of Darkness that takes us on a journey into the unconscious world of the human beings through the psychoanalytic features inherent in the novel’s â€Å"dream story. † Marlow, a man of discipline and justice, was expecting such values to exist elsewhere. They became a kind of psychological expectations. His great revelation takes place when he discovers that not all men share his belief in an orderly, fundamentally good society. His journey from Brussels to the Congo is full of elements of the absurd, elements that hint at a world that is suddenly irrational and out of focus. In the Congo, the jungle is surrounded by a dangerous feminine aura; the long river is described in â€Å"treacherous, serpentine terms;† everything about the nature conveys a sense of a mysterious and terrifying reality (Karl 786). Marlow is fascinated by the jungle woman – Kurtz’s savage mistress – and her demanding display of sex, by her provocative measured walk. He is also drawn by her surprising sense of reality and her full acceptance of Kurtz with all the savagery he embodies. Her image contradicts with his ideal of womanhood he had known all his life: the girl back in Brussels, his aunt, the naive woman who believed in the Europeans’ grand mission in Africa. Marlow tries to resist the seductive aspect of the nature, much as he shies away from the attraction of power. Sex lies heavily on the story, although Marlow never directly talks about it. The temptation is clear in his fears, in the jungle that conceals the terrors and the calls for orgiastic, uncontrollable sex. In the novel, Kurtz represents Europe; maneuvering for power, searching for advantages; he chose the route of ivory looting. His unquenchable hunger for possession is overwhelming. In Africa, he is free of all human barriers; civilized taboos are down. He is able to gratify all his forbidden desires and dwells on ultimate corruption, debarred of all restraints. This lies at the heart of Marlow’s secret attraction to Kurtz; the latter’s will to brutal, superhuman power. Kurtz has â€Å"risen above the masses ? of natives, station managers, even of directors back in Brussels. He must continue to assert himself, a megalomaniac in search of further power. Marlow has never met anyone like him, [? ]† (Karl 787). One telling part in the novel comes with Kurtz’s death and his double scream â€Å"The horror! The horror! † (Conrad 105). Marlow, out of his deep fascination with Kurtz and his need to believe in a good human nature, attributes a â€Å"Christian† reading to these words. He understands the shriek as a moral victory: at the time of his death, Kurtz has reviewed his life and the corrupt part of him has repented. It’s arguable, though, that Kurtz’s cry might be one of anguish and despair, because he has to die with his work incomplete. In other words, he laments a fate which frustrates his plans. However, Marlow has explained the horror of this experience in human terms necessary to guarantee the flow of life. He protects the lie of Kurtz’s existence in order to preserve his own illusions (Karl 788-9). Hence, we notice that Marlow, throughout his journey, has concealed from himself the reality of his own as well as others’ needs. The jungle is the mask that bars the light of sun and sky. The landscape becomes the repository of our anxieties and the vast protective camouflage that hides our inner fears. It bars the light of our conscience and rational capacities and becomes â€Å"part of the psychological as well as physical landscape† (Karl 788). It runs parallel to our unconscious mind where our repressed desires are hidden. The â€Å"prehistoric earth,† that is still untouched by the hands of civilization, is but our rudimentary soul, in its raw, savage nature, unrefined and free of the conscious disguises. The â€Å"lurking hint of kinship† that the Europeans have felt at their encounter with the Africans is but a hint of deep connection existing between the rational and the irrational, the conscious and the unconscious. The â€Å"black and incomprehensible frenzy† of the strange bodies is a reminder of the uncontrollable libido. This â€Å"wild and passionate uproar† is â€Å"ugly† because the wilderness and passion that nurture our disguised depths are a mass of animalistic drives, and our id that hosts all unfulfilled wishes carries the wildest of motivations. Yet, one cannot but heed â€Å"the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise† for one cannot fully resist the temptation to gratify his impulses and instinctual needs. In Freudian terms, our superego sometimes fails to have full control over its antithesis, the id. The boundaries that separate the unconscious from the conscious are blurred. This terrible â€Å"frenzy† holds a meaning that, even the man who is â€Å"so remote from the night of first ages ? could comprehend†: the refined man is able to understand the noise because it communicates with an inherent ? although masked ? part of his soul. Thus, Africa has become a topology of the mind ? its location, its shape, its cultures, its textures, its rhythms, it hues, its wildness ? all calling forth something lost in the psychology of the white European. The darkness of the African continent, of its instinctual, shadowed, primeval underworld establishes a revealing context for an examination of the Jungian concepts in the novel. Marlow’s journey, in Jungian terms, becomes a journey of individuation: a salvation realized through bringing the unconscious urges to consciousness ? a journey which can be contrasted to that of his diabolic double, Kurtz, who undergoes a psychological disintegration into his savage self and slips into â€Å"The horror! The horror! † The shadow in Heart of Darkness is thus personified by Kurtz. Richard Hughs argues that Kurtz’s last words sum up the Jungian insight that â€Å"from the same root that produces wild, untamed, blind instinct there grow up the natural laws and cultural forms that tame and break its pristine power. But when the animal in us is split off from consciousness by being repressed, it may easily burst out in full force, quite unregulated and uncontrolled. An outburst of this sort always ends in catastrophe ? the animal destroys itself† (21). Hughs adds that the novel is composed of two journeys into the hidden self, one is â€Å"horrifying, ending in personality destruction and death;† the other is â€Å"restorative, wisdom-producing, a gateway to wholeness [? ] Conrad has seized on the paradoxical quality of the descent into the unconscious [? ]† (58). For Jung, the integration of the personality is not possible without a full descent into the unconscious and clearly the novel is about the descent into the depths, the underworld, into the very heart of darkness. â€Å"Jung’s awareness that the darkness is part of himself, that to deny the darkness would be self-mutilation, and the awareness is not erased but heightened by a recognition of that dark self: this is Marlow’s discovery† (Hughs 66). Marlow’s journey toward individuation and his encounter with the darkness of his own shadow are set against a backdrop of the personal and collective unconscious. Kurtz is not only the personal shadow of Marlow, but the collective shadow of all Europe and of European imperialism. Throughout the novel there is a dense undergrowth of Congo unconsciousness, as Marlow succinctly states, â€Å"All of Europe contributed to the making of Kurtz† (73). In the midst of this journey of individuation, we encounter Jung’s concept of the anima personified by Kurtz’s wild mistress. She is a reflection of the soul of the wilderness, â€Å"she stood looking at us with a stir, and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose† (Conrad 92). She is the savagely magnificent consort of the underworld and the feminine part of every man’s psyche. Hughs calls her â€Å"the grand archetype of the unconscious, consort of the mad Kurtz and the goal of the inner search† (268-9). Conrad’s novel descends into the unknowable darkness at the heart of Africa, taking its narrator, Marlow, on an underworld journey of individuation, a modern Odyssey toward the center of the Self and the center of the Earth. Interestingly, the narrative technique and the inherent symbolism in Heart of Darkness all contribute to the overall dream-like and nightmarish mood of the story. The use of first person narrative was essential so that Conrad could distance himself from the lived experience and for the reader could identify with a common man thrown into a bizarre situation. Lacking Marlow as the narrator, the story would lose its credibility and would appear too distant from the real experience. Through repetition, difference of tone, analogy, duplicating images, doubling of scenes and characters, Conrad could form a shape for the story. He â€Å"used heightening and foreshortening, contrast and comparison to give the novella form;† from the opening scene, when the ancient Romans on the Thames are contrasted with the modern Europeans in the Congo (Karl 789). Marlow’s calm setting on the Nellie contrasts with the alarming Congo riverboat setting. Kurtz’s two fiancees represents two different sets of values, two contradictory cultures. The jungle, as death, is in conflict with the river, as possible relief. The natives’ savagery is set off against the backdrop of the apparently civilized Europeans. The contrast reaches the two central characters as well; Kurtz’s humanitarianism contradicts his own barbarism, Marlow’s middle class sense of English justice is contrasted with the Congo reality. It is also clear in their fluctuating love-hate relationship that pervades the story. The abundance of mechanical and metallic images suggests a sense of human waste and indicates that tough objects have gone beyond flexibility and softness in order to resist the passing of time, so humanity itself must become an object in order to survive. This strong sense of an absurd existence is best represented by the ivory itself. Ivory, the purest demonstration of the color white, stands in stark juxtaposition to the darkness of the jungle. It draws the white men to Africa then turns their minds from building commerce and civilization, to exploitation and madness. Wherever ivory is present, white men plunder, kill, and turn on each other. Conrad uses symbolism to suggest meanings rather than spelling them out directly. The technicalities of his style include a frequent use of alliteration, a reliance on adjectives which emphasize the unfamiliar aspects of Marlow’s experience. Words like â€Å"inscrutable,† â€Å"inconceivable,† â€Å"unspeakable† that describe the oppressive mysteriousness of the Congo are recurrent throughout the novel. The same vocabulary is used to evoke the human depths and the unspeakable potentialities of the man’s soul and to magnify the sense of spiritual horrors (Leavis 246-7). The words and adjectives Conrad applies â€Å"beat upon us, creating drum-like rhythms, entirely appropriate to the thick texture of the jungle† (Karl 789). The darkness of the jungle goes hand in hand with darkness everywhere, alluding at â€Å"the blackness of Conrad’s humor, the despair of his irony† (Karl 789). It is the nightmare’s color: the darkness surrounding Kurtz’s death, his last words, the report by the manager’s boy, the delirious escape from the jungle, the encounter with Kurtz’s fiancee; all such incidents constitute the elements of a nightmarish dream. Even the Russian follower of Kurtz who is dressed in motley seems as a figure from another world. In his ridiculous appearance, he is a perfect symbol of Marlow’s Congo experience (Karl 788-9). In this passage, F. R. Leavis argues that Conrad makes almost every aspect of his novel contribute to its overwhelming impression, one of a strangely insane world and a nightmarish existence: [? ] in terms of things seen and incidents experienced by a main agent in the narrative, and particular contacts and exchanges with other human agents, the overwhelming sinister and fantastic ? atmosphere’ is engendered. Ordinary greed, stupidity, and moral squalor are made to look like behaviour in a lunatic asylum against the vast and oppressive mystery of the surroundings, rendered potently in terms of sensation. This means lunacy, which we are made to feel as at the same time normal and insane, is brought out by contrast with the fantastically secure innocence of the young harlequin-costumed Russian [? ] (246) Using his renowned artistic and literary craftsmanship, Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness that has become, since its publication in 1899, one of the most widely read books written in English. It has also been one of the most analyzed: scores of literary critics, ranging from feminists to Marxists to New Critics, have all tried to construct their own meanings from the pages of the book. The novel does seem to invite a wide variety of interpretations. Looking at it through the lenses of psychoanalytic theories, Heart of Darkness has proven to be a â€Å"masterpiece of concealment† and a metaphor for the theory of the unconscious as a repository of all irrational and repressed wishes. (Karl 788). The journey into the heart of the continent can also be seen as Marlow’s own journey of individuation, self-discovery and self-enlightenment. Bibiography Achebe, Chinua. â€Å"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. † A Practical Reader in Contemporary Literary Theory. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996. 262-4 Conrad, Joseph. Heart Of Darkness. Beirut: Librairie Du Liban Publishers SAL, 1994. Guerin, Wilfred L. , et al. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Hewitt, Douglas. â€Å"Conrad: A Reassessment. † World Literature Criticism. Ed. Polly Vedder. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 1992. 789-92. Hughs, Richard E. The Lively Image: Four Myths in Literature. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, 1975. Karl, Frederick R. â€Å"A Reader’s Guide To Joseph Conrad. † World Literature Criticism. Ed. Polly Vedder. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 1992. 785-9. Leavis, F. R. â€Å"From The Great Tradition. † A Practical Reader in Contemporary Literary Theory. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996. 246-7 Mudrick, Marvin. â€Å"The Originality of Conrad. † World Literature Criticism. Ed. PollyVedder. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 1992. 782-5. Murfin, Ross C. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989. Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf, 1979. Wright, Elizabeth. â€Å"Psychoanalytic Criticism. † Encyclopedia Of Literature And Criticism. 1991 ed. 765-7.

Copyright vitamine A Essays

Copyright vitamine A Essays Copyright vitamine A Paper Copyright vitamine A Paper CONCLUSION The role of vitamin A deficiency is not limited to the initial processes involved in receiving visual stimuli. Normal functions of the photoreceptors or light-sensory receptors of the eyes largely depend on the presence of vitamin A and its metabolites within the retina. Prolonged vitamin A deficiency leads to deterioration of these structures causing impaired vision. Adequate amounts of vitamin A are required for proper eye development in embryos and maintenance of normal anatomical structures of the eye, including the conjunctiva and cornea. As a whole, deficiency in vitamin A results to major destruction of eye structures and visual functions, impairing vision and ultimately leading to irreversible blindness. Blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency remains a public health problem, especially in developing countries resulting from vitamin-A-attributed corneal scarring. There is a significant difference between causes of prevalent cases of blindness across different levels of socioeconomic statuses. Studies also emphasize the overall impact of vitamin A deficiency to child morbidity, mortality and growth. Evidently, the concern for the emotional, social and economic costs also diffuses from the problem with blindness as a disability. Serious actions must be taken to help address the situation. Further studies are needed to evaluate measures most adept to combat vitamin A deficiency in a community with regards to cost and feasibility of the program, together with the strategies to detect subclinical VAD for early management; and hopefully, restore vision among the blind.

Introduction to the Concept of Motivation Essays

Introduction to the Concept of Motivation Essays Introduction to the Concept of Motivation Essay Introduction to the Concept of Motivation Essay Introduction to the concept of aâ‚ ¬? Motivationaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ According to Greenberg (1999) motivation is defined aâ‚ ¬? as a process of arousing, directing and maintaining behaviour towards a goal. aâ‚ ¬? Where aâ‚ ¬? directingaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ refers to the selection of a particular behaviour; and aâ‚ ¬? maintenanceaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ refers to the inclination to behave with consistency in that manner until the desired outcome is met. Motivation is therefore the force that transforms and uplifts people to be productive and perform in their jobs. Maximising an employeeaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s motivation is necessary and vital to successfully accomplish the organisationaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectives and targets. However this is a considerable challenge to any organisationaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s managers, due to the complexity of motivation and the fact that there is no ready made solution or an answer to what motivates people to work well (Mullins, 2002). It is my intention in this essay to explore some issues around motivation and cite work based experiences to illustrate and substantiate any arguments or points of view. Main Body Mullins (2002) classifies motivation into Intrinsic and Extrinsic types. Intrinsic motivation involves psychological rewards to enhance job satisfaction, such as the opportunity to use oneaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability, a sense of achievement, receiving appreciation and positive recognition or being treated in a considerate manner (Mullins, 2002:P490). Such methods ensure employees are constantly motivated while being engaged in activities that are enjoyable and rewarding. I was formerly employed by a supplier of automobile parts where in addition to using compensation as a means of motivation; they too were dedicated in ensuring their employees had maximum job satisfaction. This was achieved by giving autonomy in their job functions and assigning significant responsibilities, which allowed them to be involved in the decision making for their area of expertise. Pleasant working conditions and annual recognition of the aâ‚ ¬? Best salesman of the yearaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and aâ‚ ¬? Best employee of the yearaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, also enticed productivity and motivation. On the other hand aâ‚ ¬? Extrinsicaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ motivation is related to tangible rewards such as salary, fringe benefits, job security, promotions and conditions of work. (Mullins, 2002:P490). Therefore extrinsically motivated behaviours are those carried out to achieve some tangible rewards or compensation. Once again my employers excelled in designing an ideal incentive system, in their effort towards employee motivation. They already offered very competitive wages, of course on the belief that the more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated and the better the performance (Vroom, 1964). They later introduced a perpetual cash bonus scheme for the junior staff, where every year instead of bonuses being paid out, they would be retained in the companyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s employee fund. A bonus was typically a third of their net salary and with every completed year of service their bonuses would grow. However if the employees engaged in activities detrimental to the organisations operations, such as pilfering, they would thus loose their accumulated bonus. This proved very effective in not only retaining employees but also motivating them to work towards and within the organisational parameters at maximum productivity. It also encouraged a sense of belonging and loyalty to the organisation. Incentives in the form of issuing companyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shares was never considered or offered. Perhaps the directors were of the opinion that it may have the draw back of not being specific enough to truly motivate the employee to work hard, stay in the organisation and also comply with company practices (Larcker 1983). I think however it was more to do with their fear of relinquishing ownership and the thought that the employee would reap the benefits, from their own selfless efforts and personal sacrifices over the years, to increase their share value. As for the senior executives various other schemes were introduced depending on their value to the company and length of service. Some benefited from receiving family membership to Medical Schemeaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. This was a powerful retaining incentive as there was no free government health service in Kenya and often medical bills amounted to huge sums. Other senior executives had their childrenaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s private school fees paid or were gifted with family holidays. These decisions were made by the Directors and mostly based on what was mutually beneficial and also cost effective for the company. The longest in service and the most valuable members, whose continued job satisfaction and productivity was necessary for the continued success of the organisation; such the Chief Accountant and General Manager, were honoured with family homes in light of their 25 and 30 years service respectively. Another theory that throws light on employeesaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ motivation is the equity theory of Adam (1965). This theory states that people compare their rewards, relative to their contributions and to those of others. When they perceive unfairness or inequity, they experience disharmony and de-motivation. Employees evaluate equity by a ratio of inputs to outcomes; where inputs are their efforts and outcomes are what they receive such as pay, recognition, benefits or promotion. The theory also predicts that individuals who perceive their raise to be inequitable are likely to loose their enthusiasm and zeal; changing their behaviour to work less, in order to bring inputs in line with the perceived outcomes. They may also be prone to persistently expressing dissatisfaction and may eventually lead to resignation. I firmly believe from personal experiences and from observing my fellow colleagues at work that the Equity theory has been able to accurately determine the level of motivation and productivity. As such, every time my current employers make pay changes; we are on aâ‚ ¬? high alertaâ‚ ¬? for changes that might signal differences in how we are regarded by our employer, particularly in relation to our peers and accordingly we adjust our outputs. Conclusion While this essay attempts to appraise some of the motivational theories in light of the authoraâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s previous experiences, they may not be perfect for every situation. Each theory and notion boasts its own merits and limitations; and managers must judge its relevance and application to their own particular work situations. Even then the extent to which they may act as motivational factors may vary between organisations. The above methods described may have been effective for my organisation but not for another. There are also other motivational theories that have not been discussed here, but which may be as effective in motivating employees. Therefore it is the paramount function of management to identify the appropriate solution in order to motivate its employees. In todayaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s complex business environment; traditional approaches like monetary incentives are not the only prime motivators. In addition to expecting financial incentives for their performance, employeeaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations are much more. Appreciation, recognition and opportunities for personal growth; must be catered for to harness maximum productivity. Furthermore in an era where change is imperative for the organisationaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s survival, highly motivated employees, represent flexibility and show willing to change; a vital component for the success of any organisation. References Greenberg, J. (1999) Managing behaviour in organisations, Prentice Hall. Mullins, L (2002) Management and organisational behaviour, Prentice Hall FT Benabou, R. Tirole, J. (2003) aâ‚ ¬? Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivationaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Review of Economic Studies, vol. 70, pg. 489-520.

Eusebius and the History of the Church Term Paper

Eusebius and the History of the Church - Term Paper Example the lines, it is also to Eusebius’ merit that most, if not all of his sources were properly credited, and acknowledged, which is very unusual for historians at that time. One of the most noted and referred books written by Eusebius is Ekklestiastices Historias, or The History of the Church, was originally in Greek, and was translated in numerous languages during the course of history. This paper will focus on the eighth book, which tells about the persecutions of emperors from Diocletian to Maximian, and the tenth book, which is about the reign of Constantine and the tolerance of the Romans to Christians that resulted in the time of peace and tranquility. The eighth book in Eusebius’ Ekklestiastices Historias tells of the rise of the Christian faith, as well as its fall, which he accounts to the events that he himself experienced in his own time.3 Initially, the Roman rulers and officers were very favorable with regards to those of the Christian faith. Aside from lettin g the lesser of the people worship in accord to their own chosen faith, Christians were also able to hold offices, govern and rule, as well as to mingle with the upper ranks of the Roman Empire. Moreover, the clergy and other church leaders were also treated with respect not just by their own people, but also those Romans with noble birth.4 With the arrival of peace and tolerance, however, internal discord starts to brew within the structure of the Christian church itself. Due to the gains the Christians had in freedom, fights among them became common. These fights not only included the worshippers, but also their church leaders as well. Eusebius attributed the succeeding events to Divine intervention, when persecutions to Christians in the government offices and the army started. While initially there was not much thought given about it, as the changes in the governance kept sliding past the Christian groups bit by bit, after several generations the Christians were once again subje ct to the punishments that the early martyrs undertook. The different manners that the Roman Empire tortured its citizens of the Christian faith were described in detail by Eusebius. Among these forms of capital punishments are: death by strangling; beheading; being burned while still alive; bodies thrown into the depths of the sea; even digging up the corpses of some and being thrown in the sea as well, thinking that these bodies might become the subject of worship by those who remain. 5 The destruction of churches and the burning of scriptures during the reign of Diocletian during his reign in 284-305 were also recorded in full detail. As the festival of the Savior’s passion (Easter) approached, aside from the demolition of churches and the eradication of Christian scriptures, those of the Christian faith holding ranks in offices were immediately removed, and those who continue to

Summary and analyze of No Place to Hide by Glenn Greenwald Essay

Summary and analyze of No Place to Hide by Glenn Greenwald - Essay Example The core there is that he came to realization that a small unit of people in USA did operate under their unique set of rules, receiving real protection from the government. As a result, the book came up as a result of vent up anger of the injustice in the society (Greenwald, pg. 30). The second chapter reveals the meeting point of Greenwald; MacAskil and Poitras spend in a debriefing session in Hong Kong. They have some fears that their conversations are overheard within their hotel vicinity. The fifth chapter reveals the unequal life that exists in the elite population. A clear rift is demonstrated. Those in that class did condemn the exposers of the matter greatly. In fact, they claim that a school dropout is not at the verge of production of such condemning messages to the government. Most significantly, he makes use of an â€Å"inexperienced journalist to pass the